Infection Prevention and Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Infection Prevention and Control - Case Study Example 3) Collected data indicates the propagation. The epidemic curve shows continuous exposure that is much pronounced after the lunch hour and ends the following day according to the collected data. According to the determined incubation period, the exposure is prolonged thus other victims display symptoms at a later time compared to the others. Complaint of the obvious symptoms of infection appears in the afternoon and evening. However, further analysis of the situation is vital to draw the precise conclusion about the causative agent. 4) The case presented by the data qualifies to be an epidemic. It is a condition that involves a large group of people who are subjected to the pathological agent. Noticeable symptoms among affected individuals indicate they are suffering from the same thing or rather infected by bacteria or rather an agent. Every individual in the camp had the same complaints that clearly indicate the source of the problem is among the food consumed. Furthermore, it occurs within a short period and affects almost the whole population in an unusual way thus qualifies to be termed as an epidemic. According to statistics on data relating to the whole population, there is no connection between gender and illness. The high percentage of male individuals showing symptoms of the illness is due to the general high population of male soldiers compared to the female soldiers. Also, the odds ratio adds emphasis on the proportionality aspect of the data. A high population of the men means that they were exposed more to the causative agent compared to the females thus the high number of male individuals showing high levels of illness. Statistics on age distribution and infection indicate that there is no connection between illness and age of the individuals. People aged between 19 and 23 form the highest percentage of individuals. Therefore, exposure rate of the young individuals is high compared to the other age groups. Further proof of the preceded conclusion is taking a look at the age group 29-32.

Controllers for Marine Engineering Systems Essay

Controllers for Marine Engineering Systems - Essay Example The era after the Second World War can be called the classical period of control theory. It was characterized by the appearance of the first textbooks (MacColl, 1945; Lauer, Lesnick, & Matdon, 1947; Brown & Campbell, 1948; Chestnut & Mayer, 1951; Truxal, 1955), and by simple design tools that provided great perception and definite solutions to design problems. These tools were employed using hand calculations, or at most slide rules, with graphical techniques. With the dawn of the space era, controls design in the United States prevented from the frequency-domain practices of classical control theory and back to the differential equation techniques of the late 1800's, which were inherent in the time domain. The reasons for this development are as follows. The model of classical control theory was very fitting for controls design problems during and immediately after the World Wars. The frequency-domain approach was suitable for linear time-invariant systems. It is at its best when managing single-input/single-output systems, for the graphical techniques were problematic to use with numerous inputs and outputs. Classical controls design had some successes with nonlinear systems. ... Consequently, classical techniques can be applied on a linearized form of a nonlinear system, giving good results at an equilibrium position about which the system performance is more or less linear. Frequency-domain methods can also be applied to systems with simple types of nonlinearities using the describing function approach, which relies on the Nyquist criterion. This method was first used by the Pole J. Groszkowski in radio transmitter design before the Second World War and complied with in 1964 by J. Kudrewicz. Regrettably, it is not possible to design control systems for complex nonlinear multivariable systems, for example those arising in aerospace applications, using the assumption of linearity and treating the single-input/single-output transmission pairs individually. Optimal Control and Estimation Theory In view of the fact that naturally-occurring systems show optimality in their motion, it makes sense to design man-made control systems in a best possible fashion. A major gain is that this design may be realized in the time domain. In the context of modern controls design, it is common to reduce the time of transit, or a quadratic generalized energy functional or performance index, possibly with some constraints on the allowed controls. R. Bellman (1957) employed dynamic programming to the optimal control of discrete-time systems, showing that the normal direction for solving optimal control problems is backwards in time. His modus operandi resulted in closed-loop, usually nonlinear, feedback schemes (Lewis, 1992). PID & Robust and Optimal Controllers for Marine Engineering Systems: An Introduction A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (or PID)